نشریه جامعه شناسی تاریخی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Prison is one of the oldest forms of punishment and the most prominent place of exclusion in the history of human societies that its external organization and internal mechanism have changed from a society to another society and from a period to another. The various forms of prison, its prominent position in the physical structure of Iranian-Islamic cities and also the frequent use of imprisonment for convicts in the history of Iran in the fifth and sixth centuries AH raises the question that where the position of prison in the legal-judicial system was located and how its internal mechanism was worked. The present paper attempts to investigate the prison and imprisonment system with a descriptive-analytical approach inspired by the studies of Michel Foucault. In the end, it was concluded that the prison as a place of exclusion lied at the heart of an accurate partitioning of urban and territorial space that through accomodating the prisoners, represented in the best way the binary division and discriminatory branding of (dangerous/harmless; guilty/guiltless) prisoners; and coercive assignment and differential distribution. The Prisoners of judicial-legal tribunals depending on their crime, the type and the rate of conviction, sexuality, age, organizational status and so on, were allowed to return to the society only by serving their sentences or using other tools provided by Islamic jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the political-security prisoners that were imprisoned by the will of political power, if they wouldn’t remain in the prison until their death, they could be released only through forgiveness or the death of the ruler and sultan.

despite significant studies in the field of cultural revolutions; comparative study of Iran, China and Russia Cultural Revolutions is less common due to the role of religion. The question of this study was how did each of the cultural revolutions in Russia, China, and Iran relate to the religious teachings of the social context in which they occurred?According to the study conditions, the authors have briefly addressed the secular and revolutionary-religion approaches in cultural revolutions and attempted to test these approaches by using the comparative-historical method based on the selected events. Historical-comparative study has been done in intra-systemic and inter-systemic form; at the intra-systemic level the process of relationship between the two phenomena has been narrated and at the inter-systemic level the religious characteristics of the Cultural Revolution in the three countries have been compared using the Mill methods.Findings shows that in all three cases, the role of religion is important, but the Iranian characteristics support the ideal perspective and the characteristics of Russia and China confirm the instrumental perspective on the role of religion in the Cultural Revolution. The results of the article, while confirming the authorschr('39') claim, explain the differences and similarities between the three events studied.

Upon the establishment of Zand government, social situation of Shiraz urban community which was affected by the ruling board entered a new phase. This social diversity led to some changes in the capital. One of the most important changes at this time was the formation of Kharabatian neighborhood and the activities of prostitutes therein. The neighborhood which started its activities following the social plans of the government left behind different changes in many aspects of the urban society of the capital. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the causes for the formation of this neighborhood and its social consequences in the urban society of Shiraz in the Zand era. The study followed a descriptive- analytical method and used the library data to investigate the research problem. The findings show that controlling and managing the political activists in Shiraz, managing the crisis-stricken society after the fall of Safavids, encouraging the activists to reconstruct and improve Shiraz along with the positive attitude of Karim Khan Zand to this group of females all were involved in the development of this neighborhood. Moreover, the whole kharabatian neighborhood provided a good income resource for the Zand government. One of the social consequences of creating this neighborhood is the disorder in the foundation of families. In addition, since this kind of social activity was in contrast with the social and religious beliefs of the people, it created some popular and legal abnormalities by some parts of the capital society.

Social movements are a fundamental issue in theories of revolution that have sought to explain them because of the importance of different theories. Lashkar-e Bani Abbas raised the level of value expectations of social classes with egalitarian slogans, this was while the level of peoplechr('39')s value ability did not change much and people suffered from frustration and relative deprivation. Important variables, including economic, religious, and participatory values, led to the expansion of these movements. the size of the movements also affected the control of coercion by the government and the opposition and it finally made the movements. The present article tries to focus on the formation and causes of the movements of Barazbandeh, Sanbad, Ishaq Turk, Ostadsis, Al-Muqna and Babak Khorramdin. Using the method of historical and sociological analysis and examining the content of historical and sociological works, in the light of the theory of relative deprivation, this article examines the formation and causes of these movements.

Different social classes, each with their own motives, participated in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.  Workers were one of the emergent classes in Iranian society.  They differed from the old tradesmen and guilds in terms of their participation in production processes and their ownership of the means of production; moreover, they did not resemble their European counterpart because they lived in a tribal context and in a society based on agricultural and livestock economy. Due to the pressure of the ruling class and poverty, many of these workers were forced to leave their home and migrate to more prosperous areas or neighboring countries. They were impressed by the political, social, and economic situation in these areas. Since most of them were seasonal workers, after returning to Iran, they shared what they had observed with their compatriots. The purpose of this article is to explore the contribution of workers in shaping the Iranian constitutional movement. Using a historical methodology, the author tries to address how the working class was formed in Iranian society and what role workers played in the emergence of social modernization. It is proposed that the working class was formed in Iran much later than in European societies, and it constituted only a small section of the productive forces. The awareness of Iranian workers of their political and social rights was influenced more by leftist ideas in the Caucasus than by endogenous causes and industrial development. Therefore, despite its involvement in modernization and the constitutional movement, this spectrum of society could not play its historical role as it did in the great European revolutions in Britain, France, and Russia.    This study shows that before the development of the constitutional movement, some workers participated in the revolutions in the Caucasus and became acquainted with its revolutionary ideas. These workers, in union with other compatriots, joined the Iranian liberation movement and fought against tyranny by distributing leaflets, participating in rallies, and appearing on the battlefields, and thus paved the way for future revolutionary movements.

Social class is one of the concepts that is very important for social scientists and at the same time this concept has been very controversial. Scholars in this field do not agree much on the definition of class, field and its application, structure and related theories, and have analyzed it from different perspectives, sometimes only from an economic, sometimes political and sometimes in addition, the economic and political dimensions of the social and cultural dimensions have been studied, and others discuss the disappearance of class. The kind of view of thinkers on this concept can create different procedures in the field of issues and concepts of stratification, social class and middle class. This article examines and compares the views of social and middle class thinkers in Iran with meta-analysis method and compares their views in the fields of social class concept, social class structure, typological features structure and middle class function. The study courses of the observers on the social class are before Qajar, Qajar, Pahlavi and the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The results show that the most agreement on the concept of class is related to the criteria: 1. Occupational, 2. Economic and common opportunities Life is equal 3. Power and ownership and 4. Understanding historical conditions. These theorists also have commonalities and differences in the fields of class structure, characteristics, typology and functions of social and middle class.

Scholars of the history of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution have studied the economic Causes of that Revolution and emphasized the inefficient role of Macroeconomic Structure, Corruption, budget deficit, lack of economic infrastructure, foreign debt, and the negative consequences of iran’s orbiting capitalist economic relations. The present article, while confirming the role of the mentioned factors in creating the beginning of the Constitutional Movement in iran, has considered the economic Causes of the Constitutional Revolution from the perspective of the role of Livelihood factors and examines this issue by emphasizing the basic question that: has the living conditions of iran, in the decade leading up to the Constitutional Revolution, influenced the beginning of thr Iranian Constitutional Movement? The hypothesis of the present Study is that the damages caused by irans political economy in the decade leading up to the Constitutional Revolution were significantly reflected in the living conditions of the people and this caused a crisis in livelihood and consequently general dissatisfaction and revolt and with the unresponsiveness and ineffectiveness of dissatisfaction and revolts, the way has been paved for the Constitutional Revolution. The findings of the study show that The livelihood crisis provided the basis for the formation of livelihood riots and subsequent political demands in the Constitutional Revolution.  The method of the present study is historical with adescriptive – analytical approach. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between economic variables and the revolutionary movement of Iranian Constitutionalism.

The history of children is among neglected fields in historical studies of Iran. Historians of social and cultural history of Iran has been working on some aspects of childrenchr('39')s life in Qajar dynasty, such as education, but a large part of the life of this group has not been investigated and had been set in the side of Iranian histography. There for, the present article examines the part of the life of children (their training) during the Qajar period. with accordance to the wide range of the subject and the lake of data about children in the official and public historical texts of the Qajar dynasty on one hand and also reflects of the various aspects of the childrenchr('39')s life in itineraries of foreign explorers in Qajar dynasty on the other hand the present subject, is investigated based on the itineraries of the foreign explorers of Qajar dynasty. This subject Emphasizing the foreign travelogues of the Qajar era has been studied. Findings of the research show that childrenchr('39')s education includes school education, elementary education, secondary education and advanced and university education. In terms of education and educational facilities, most children are not in a good condition and their education is very simple and elementary have been. But gradually the situation got better. The research method in this paper is a historical one with a descriptive-analytical approach and a library data collection method.

Isfahan is one of the most prominent cities in Iranchr('39')s central plateau for centuries and during the rule of Al-Buyih, Seljuqyan and Safavid, Iran was the capital and center of Iran. Isfahanchr('39')s special position in the Center of Iran and its connection with other parts of the interior and exits and the flow of the Zayandeh-e Rood River as the most important natural disorder made it possible for Isfahan, Stay up to date with the most ancient days of human habitation and the attention of different governments. The appropriate environmental and natural, historical, communicational, military, commercial and economical substrates have been the factors of the evolution and dynamics of the city of Isfahan from the past. King Abbas tried to compete with the Ottoman government in a military, economic, religious and especially architecture and urban environment in the development of Isfahan and bestowed it. Growth and development of Isfahan city at the time continued the successors of Shah Abbas-Kabir until Shah Sultan Husseinchr('39')s time. Considering that most scholars and writers of Shah Sultan Hussein have been considered as the main cause of the collapse of the Safavid dynasty. Consequently, in connection with the architecture and urbanization of Isfahan, his covenant has not been studied comprehensively. The purpose of the present paper is "The study of the development of urban life of Isfahan during the era of Shah Sultan Hussein Safavi and the effects of the endowment tradition on it." In this way, we try to answer these questions; what has progressed in urban planning and architecture during Shah Sultan Hussein Safavid? How did the devotees influence urban construction during the era of Shah Sultan Hussein Safavi? As a result of this study, which was carried out using library and field method, which was the era of Shah Sultan Hussein in the field of architecture and urban development of the dynamic era, and during this period, the city of Isfahan, as the era of King Shah Abbas grew and even the iconic buildings such as the Chaharbagh School were created that equal the best examples of the King Shah Abbas age.

This study compares democratization in Iran and Turkey during the periods from 1906 to 1913.  We show that Iranian and Ottoman society experienced the wave of democratization in 1906 and 1908 respectively. We argue that although Iran and Turkey established some fundamental requirements of democratic system such as parliamentary election, Majlis and constitutional law, after a very short time, the countries returned to authoritarianism. Our argument is that the dynamics of the authoritarianism revolve around strategic interactions between the military actors and political elites in the regime and the foreign powers. The strategic choices made by these groups determined the main process of the authoritarianism. This study uses comparative historical analysis. Methodologically,the comparative historical analysis focuses on both historically interpretive and causally analytic.The findings indicate  that the return to authoritarianism in Iran  and Tukey is a result of the combination of three causal conditions,  the suppressive strategy of political actors such as  the dissolution of parliament or the dissolution of opposition parties and the military intervention in politics (military coup or martial law or military suppression: kill or arrest) and  the political-military intervention of  foreign actors in domestic politics such as support for the authoritarian regime or the dissolution of parliament or the suppression of internal actors:kill or arrest.

In the process of the constitutional movement, some intellectual women demanded their individual, family and social rights, and in order to advance these "goals", they published womenchr('39')s newspapers with the focus on improving the status of women. With the coming to power of Reza Shah, the realization of the concepts of patriotism, antiquity and progress to build a new Iran was considered by the government. In this regard, the issue of women and their education as future mothers, upbringing and the type of mother-child relationship, the need for a progressive Iran with emphasis on the family was covered by the media. Iran Patriotic Womenchr('39')s Magazine is one of the publications that was published with the approach of the necessity of educating girls and their role in the implementation of new policies. The question of the present study is how did this newspaper relate the education of women to the concerns of intellectuals and the demands of the government such as patriotism, archeology and progress?The research hypothesis is that this magazine, considering the first categories of education and then education, in order to promote the awareness of girls and avoid ignorance and superstition in the direction of the macro policies that were proposed on the eve of the Pahlavi government, by recommending various types of education for girls.

As problem-oriented research in the field of Sociology of culture, this article tries to pursue the concept of “Sacred object”, its position and value, and displacement of its guarding places over time. Derived from the Latin root Sacer, the meaning of sacred is dedicated or consecrated. Durkheim saw religion as a system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, and Otto wrote about a non-rational, non-sensory experience whose primary object is outside the self. Kant’s description of the beautiful and the sublime, as two subjective universal judgments, can explain our aesthetic perception of a sacred object. Weber has determined three types of legitimate rule: charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational authority. Even though all these three types are still prevalent today, we can propose a historical trend for this tripartite classification, a century after expressing the theory: ancient charismatic rule, historical rule based on succession, and the modern state. Sanctuaries and palaces are premodern places to guard the sacred objects, related to the two basic types of legitimate authority. However, museums have inherited this position in the modern period, as the most substantial institutions to protect the selected objects. A museum turns a thing into an object in the process of museality, involving selection, separation, and framing. A ritual/religious object may lose its virtue in this process, yet a regular thing may earn sanctity. To communicate with the sacred object is a non-obligatory, optional, internal, and subjective experience that depends on each visitor’s background, age, interest, and knowledge.

The decoration of potteries was very important in prehistoric and before protoliterate periods. The structure and motives on the ceramics accommodate the possibility of the study about ancient human thoughts and demonstrate the dependence of his ideas and minds on the natural and social environments in which he has lived and grew up. Therefore, by examining these motives, one can study and analyze the mental, ideological, social and economic complexities of ancient societies. The authors have studied the organization of pottery production in an ancient society by researching the "grammar" of motives and aesthetic quality of prehistoric painted pottery. The culture of Tall-e-Bakun A which has prevailed in Marvdasht plain in Fars Province at the end of 5th and the beginning of 4th millennium BCE, is the case study of this investigation.The ceramics have been produced in a standardized productive organization and a specialized process during Bakun A phase. Requirements and rules have been used in creating patterns on pottery of this period, the most important of which are: placing motifs in frames, symmetry, repetition, reversing and clockwise direction of motifs, creating motifs with negative technique and using separating elements. This study also has proved that the relationship between the designs and the forms of the potteries has been relative. The grammar and method of motives on jars, cups and bowls have shown that often the same patterns and models are used in their execution. The execution of them.

The northern Iran was controlled by Three Alawite governments in the middle of the eighth century AH. Emadi, Marashi and Kiai Sayyed sinstaled Shiite governments in HezarJerib, eastern Mazandaran and eastern Gilan. The emergence of these governments washappening the strong local dynasties such as the Chelavids, the Nasserites, the Wallachids, the Jalali, the Ruzafzuniyah, and the Padusbanids were always challengingwith them. Although reliance on Shiism was one of the reasons for the persistence of these dynasties, it seems that a series of far-reaching cultural propaganda in order to Public opinion engineering provided legitimacy to these governments on behalf of Hashemite governments. Relying on Hashemidchr('39')s lineage, propaganda, using peoplechr('39')s beliefs, relying on martyrs, using the concept of martyrdom, sanctifying rulers, oppressing and destroying the ones of the opposition were among the most significant strategies taken by Hashemidchr('39')s governments in the north during the eighth to tenth centuries AH. The descend Sayyed govrnments in the north of Iran in order to the public opinion engineering by used these methods were able benefited them and they were able to help maintain the government while establishing it.

The Constitutional Revolution is one of the most important events in contemporary history or Iran. This revolution had important political and social consequences in Iranian society. The analysts of Constitutional Revolution have dealt with the role of intellectuals, marketers and clerics but this deals with the role of groups such as teachers, students and graduates of new schools in the occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution. This article explains the role of new schools in the victory of the Constitutional Revolution. Gathering evidence by documentary method and analyzing evidence by narrative analysis method. According to historical documents teachers, students and Graduates of new schools were one of the influential forces in the Constitutional Revolution. The curriculum, school teachers, reading critical books and newspapers, formed attitudes, trendencies, and skills in school students who actively participated in the constitutional revolution to change and reform their status que. This article confirms the claim that education can change society.